Cosmic Velocity - Second to Velocity of Light in Vacuum

The second cosmic velocity (Earth's escape velocity) is approximately 11,200 m/s (11.2 km/s), the minimum speed to escape Earth's gravity completely.

v₂ = √(2GM/r) = √2 × v₁ ≈ 11.2 km/s. Exactly √2 times the first cosmic velocity.

To km/h: × 3,600. To mph: × 25,000. 11.2 km/s = 40,320 km/h = 25,053 mph.

Moon missions, Mars missions, deep space probes (Voyager, New Horizons), and any mission leaving Earth's gravity well.

Apollo missions: ~11.2 km/s. Voyager probes: exceeded v₂ to leave solar system. New Horizons: launched at record 16.26 km/s (fastest ever from Earth).

Thinking you need this speed everywhere — you only need it at launch. In space, much less Δv is needed.

~11 km/s to escape Earth. √2 × orbital velocity. Remember: orbit ≈ 8 km/s, escape ≈ 11 km/s.

The speed of light in vacuum is a fundamental physical constant, exactly 299,792,458 meters per second. It's the maximum speed at which all energy, matter, and information can travel.

c = 299,792,458 m/s exactly (by definition). In km/h: 1,079,252,848.8 km/h. In everyday units: about 300,000 km/s or 186,282 miles/s.

To km/h: × 3,600 × 0.001. To mph: × 2.237 × 10⁻⁶. Often expressed as multiples: 0.5c, 0.9c, etc.

GPS satellite timing (requires relativistic corrections), fiber optic communications, laser ranging, and astronomical distance measurements (light-years).

Light from the Sun takes 8 minutes 20 seconds to reach Earth. Nothing with mass can reach c. Cherenkov radiation occurs when particles exceed light speed in a medium (not vacuum).

Thinking light speed is instantaneous — it's not. Confusing speed in vacuum (c) with speed in glass/water (slower). Forgetting relativistic effects near c.

Remember c ≈ 300,000 km/s (simplified). Nothing goes faster. Used in E=mc². Light takes 1.3 seconds to reach the Moon from Earth.