Earth's Velocity to Velocity of Sound in Sea Water (20°C, 10m depth)

Earth's orbital velocity around the Sun is approximately 29,765 m/s (29.8 km/s), the speed at which our planet travels through space.

v = 2πr/T where r is Earth's orbital radius (~150 million km) and T is one year. Result: ~29.8 km/s.

To km/h: × 3,600. To mph: × 66,600. 29.8 km/s = 107,280 km/h = 66,660 mph.

Interplanetary mission Δv calculations, understanding Earth's motion, and cosmic velocity references.

We're all traveling at ~30 km/s around the Sun right now. In one second, Earth moves 30 km — about 19 miles!

Forgetting about Earth's motion when calculating interplanetary trajectories — it provides free velocity!

~30 km/s around the Sun. We travel 940 million km per year at this speed. Missions to other planets add/subtract from this.

The speed of sound in seawater at 20°C and 10 meters depth is approximately 1,522 m/s, varying with temperature, salinity, and pressure.

Complex function of T, S, P. Mackenzie equation: c ≈ 1,449 + 4.6T - 0.055T² + 0.00029T³ + (1.34-0.01T)(S-35) + 0.016z. Typical: ~1,500 m/s.

To km/h: × 3.6. To ft/s: × 3.281. 1,522 m/s = 5,479 km/h = 3,404 mph.

Naval sonar, commercial ship echo sounders, underwater positioning systems, and marine seismic surveys.

Sound speed increases ~1.3 m/s per °C, ~1.3 m/s per PSU salinity, and ~1.7 m/s per 100m depth. SOFAR channel at ~1000m depth traps sound for thousands of km.

Using a single constant — sound speed in the ocean varies significantly with depth and location. Always measure or calculate for local conditions.

~1,500 m/s is a good approximation. Remember: warmer, saltier, deeper = faster sound. Critical for accurate sonar ranging.